Stock market ke basic aur advanced terms (Stock market terms in Hindi) jaise Intraday, Delivery, Nifty, Sensex, Future & Option, Stop Loss, Margin trading ko detail mein samjhaya gaya hai. Nivesh se pehle yeh terms zarur janiye jis se trading me aapko kisi tarah ki dikka na aye.
Table
of Contents:
- Stock Market kya hota hai?
- Intraday Trading kya hai?
- Delivery Trading kya hoti hai?
- Nifty aur Sensex kya hai?
- Bull aur Bear Market kya hote hain?
- Stop Loss kya hota hai?
- Margin Trading kya hai?
- Futures & Options (F&O) kya hai?
- Equity vs Derivatives
- IPO kya hota hai?
- Dividend kya hota hai?
- Blue Chip Stocks kya hote hain?
- Circuit Limit kya hoti hai?
- Conclusion
🔹 1. Stock Market Kya Hota Hai?
Stock Market yaani Share Bazaar
ek aisa platform hota hai jahan companies ke shares (hisse) buy aur sell kiye jaate hain. Jab koi
company paisa uthana chahti hai apne business ko grow karne ke liye, to wo apne
shares public ko offer karti hai. Public log un shares ko kharidte hain aur us
company ke small owners ban jaate hain.
India mein do major stock exchanges hain:
·
NSE
(National Stock Exchange)
Ye dono exchanges online operate karte hain,
jahan millions of log daily shares kharidte aur bechte hain.
🔹 2. Intraday Trading Kya Hai?
Intraday Trading, jise hum Day Trading bhi kehte hain, stock market ka ek aisa
tarika hai jahan shares ko same din ke
andar hi buy aur sell kiya jaata hai. Yaani jo shares aap subah
kharidte ho, unhe shaam hone se pehle (market close hone se pehle) bechna hota
hai. Isme aap long-term investment
nahi karte — balki short-term price movement ka faayda uthate ho.
🕘 Market Timing:
India mein stock market ki timing hoti hai –
⏰ 9:15 AM se 3:30 PM tak
Is time ke beech hi intraday trading ki jaati hai.
🔹 3. Delivery Trading Kya Hoti Hai?
Delivery Trading ek aisa trading method hai jisme aap jo shares kharidte
ho, unhe same din bechna zaroori nahi hota. Aap un shares ko apne Demat
Account me hold kar sakte ho — din, mahine ya saalon tak. Jab tak aap
chaaho tab tak un shares ko rakh sakte ho, aur jab price badh jaye tab bech kar
long-term profit kama sakte ho.
Delivery Trading mainly un logon ke
liye hoti hai jo investment mindset ke saath market me aate hain — jinka
goal short-term trading nahi, balki long-term paisa banana hota hai.
🔹 4. Nifty Aur Sensex Kya Hai?
Stock Market mein jab aap news sunte ho — jaise “Aaj Sensex 500
points upar gaya” ya “Nifty ne new record banaya” — to ye dono shabd
stock market ke index ko refer karte hain.
Nifty aur Sensex dono hi Market Index hote hain. Ye market ki overall
health aur performance ko dikhate hain. Inka kaam hota hai ye batana ki market
upar jaa raha hai ya neeche aa raha hai.
Sensex: BSE ke top 30 companies ka index
Nifty: NSE ke top 50 companies ka index
Yeh batate hain ki market overall
upar jaa raha hai ya neeche.
🟢 Example:
Agar Sensex 500 points upar gaya, iska matlab hai ki major companies ki
performance acchi rahi.
🔹 5. Bull Aur Bear Market Kya Hote Hain?
Stock Market ke duniya mein do terms bahut hi common hote hain — Bull Market aur Bear Market. Ye dono shabd market ke trend ko dikhate hain:
·
Bull Market
= Jab market tezi se upar jaa raha ho
·
Bear Market
= Jab market gir raha ho, ya slow down ho raha ho
Ye terms investor sentiment, stock prices, aur
economy ke overall direction ko express karte hain.
🔹 6. Stop Loss Kya Hota Hai?Stop Loss ka matlab
🧠 Simple Example Samjho:
Aapne Reliance ka stock ₹2,500 me kharida. Aap
chahte ho agar price ₹2,450 tak gir jaaye to stock bech diya jaye.
👉 Aap ₹2,450 ka Stop Loss laga doge.
Agar price ₹2,600 ho gaya to aapka profit ho
raha hai.
Lekin agar price ₹2,450 gir gaya to system aapka stock auto-sell kar dega — aur aap zyada loss hone se bach jaoge.
.
🔹 7. Margin Trading Kya Hai?
Margin Trading ek aisa system hai jisme aap broker se udhaar lekar shares kharidte ho
ya bechte ho, jab aapke paas full paisa nahi hota. Isme aap apne capital ka ek chhota hissa lagakar
zyada value ke stocks me trade kar sakte ho.
Yaani aapke paas ₹10,000 hai, lekin broker aapko
₹50,000 tak ka position lene deta hai.
Yehi Margin
Trading hoti hai.
🧠 Example:
Aapke paas ₹20,000 hai, aur aapko Reliance ke
shares ₹2,500 per share par kharidne hain.
Normal condition me aap sirf 8 shares (₹20,000 ÷ ₹2,500) kharid sakte ho.
Lekin agar broker 5X margin de raha hai, to aap ₹1,00,000 tak ki trading
kar sakte ho → 40 shares!
Yani aapne ₹20,000 se ₹1 Lakh ka position liya.
🔹 8. Futures & Options (F&O) Kya Hai?
Aayein in dono ko simple examples ke
saath samjhte hain:
Futures Kya Hota Hai?
Futures
Contract ek legal agreement hota hai jisme 2 parties decide karti hain
ki kisi asset ko future me ek fixed price
par buy/sell karenge – ek specific date par.
🧠 Future call Ka Simple Example:
Mano aapko lagta hai ki Reliance ka stock
₹2,500 se ₹2,700 ho jaayega 1 mahine me.
Aap ek Futures Contract kharid
lete ho ₹2,500 par.
Agar 1 mahine baad price ₹2,700 ho jaata hai, to aap ₹200 per share ka profit kama loge.
🔁 Lekin agar price ₹2,300 ho gaya, to aapko ₹200
per share ka loss hoga.
Options Kya Hota Hai?
Options
Contract me aapko right hota
hai, lekin obligation nahi, ki aap koi asset buy ya sell karenge ek fixed price par, future me.
Do tarah ke Options hote hain:
|
Type |
Meaning |
|
Call Option |
Jab aapko lagta hai ki stock ka price upar jaayega |
|
Put Option |
Jab aapko lagta hai ki stock ka price neeche jaayega |
🧠 Call Option Ka Simple Example:
Aapko lagta hai ki Infosys ₹1,500 se ₹1,600 ho
jaayega.
Aap ₹1,500 ka Call Option
kharidte ho ₹30 premium par.
Agar Infosys ₹1,600 ho gaya:
Profit = ₹100 (gain) - ₹30 (premium) = ₹70 per share
Agar price ₹1,500 ke neeche raha, to aapka maximum loss sirf ₹30 hoga (premium).
🔹 9. Equity vs Derivatives :
Stock Market me jab aap invest/trade karte ho to aap do major segment me
kaam kar sakte ho:
🔹 Equity
(Cash Market)
🔹 Derivatives
(Futures & Options)
Dono ka apna importance hai, lekin kaafi log
confuse hote hain ki inka real difference kya hai.
Aaiye simple shabdon me samjhte hain:
🔶 Equity Kya Hoti Hai?
Equity yaani
shares/stocks – jab aap kisi company ka ek chhota sa hissa kharidte
ho.
✅ Aap
company ke actual shareholder ban jaate ho
✅ Aapko dividend, bonus shares mil
sakte hain
✅ Long term investment ke liye ideal hai
✅ Aap shares kharidke delivery le sakte ho
🧠 Example:
Aapne Reliance ke 10 shares kharide ₹2,500 ke
rate pe – to ab aapke paas us company ka ownership hai.
Agar price ₹2,800 ho gaya to aapko ₹300 ka profit milega per share.
🔶 Derivatives Kya Hote
Hain?
Derivatives
wo financial contracts hote hain jo kisi underlying asset (jaise stock, index)
ke price pe based hote hain.
Dono major types:
·
📄 Futures – Compulsory buy/sell on future
date
·
📝 Options – Right (not obligation) to
buy/sell
✅ High leverage milta hai
✅ Short-term me profit kamane ke liye use hota hai
✅ Aap stock kharide bina hi trade kar sakte ho
✅ Risk zyada hota hai, but reward bhi high hota hai
🧠 Example:
Aap Reliance ka Future kharidte ho ₹2,500 pe.
Agar price ₹2,700 ho gaya, to aapne stock hold kiya bina hi ₹200 ka profit kama
liya.
Lekin agar price neeche gaya, to loss bhi ho sakta hai.
IPO ka matlab hota hai – "Initial Public Offering".
Ye ek aisi process hai jisme koi private company public ke liye apne shares first time issue karti hai aur
stock market me list hoti hai.
Matlab:
Jab koi company public banne ke liye apne shares
logon ko bechti hai – to use hi IPO kehte hain.
🤔 IPO Ki Jarurat Kyu Padti Hai?
Private companies jab grow karna chahti hain,
naye projects shuru karna chahti hain ya apne loans chukana chahti hain – tab
unhe paison ki zarurat hoti hai.
Is fund raising ke liye wo IPO ke zariye public se paisa uthati hain.
🔹 11. Dividend Kya Hota Hai?
Dividend ek profit ka hissa hota hai jo koi listed company apne shareholders ko return ke
roop me deti hai.
Matlab:
Jab aap kisi company ke shares
kharidte ho, to aap uske ek chhote malik ban jaate ho. Company agar munafa
kamaati hai, to wo apne shareholders ke saath us munafe ka ek part cash ya
bonus shares ke roop me baant sakti hai. Isse hi Dividend kehte
hain.
🧾
Dividend Kaise Milta Hai?
Dividend sirf unhi investors ko
milta hai:
- Jinke paas company ke shares ek particular date
(record date) tak hote hain
- Aur company ne officially dividend declare kiya
ho
Yeh dividend directly aapke bank
account me credit hota hai, ya kabhi-kabhi extra shares ke roop me milta
hai (bonus dividend).
🔹 12. Blue Chip Stocks Kya Hote Hain?
Blue Chip Stocks aise shares hote hain jo bahut badi, financially strong
aur industry-leading companies ke hote hain. In companies ka track
record stable hota hai, ye regular profit kamaati hain, aur mushkil market
conditions me bhi tikti hain.
Ye naam “Blue Chip” casino ki duniya
se aaya hai, jahan blue chip sabse high value chip hoti hai — waise hi
stock market me ye stocks high value aur trust ke symbol hain.
Blue chip companies:
- Long-term se market me established hoti hain
- Regular dividend pay karti hain
- Consistent revenue aur profit growth hoti hai
- Kam risk, zyada reliability wali hoti hain
- Unka market capitalization high hota hai
(generally large cap companies)
Examples of Blue Chip Stocks in India:
|
Company Name |
Industry |
|
Reliance Industries |
Energy, Retail, Telecom |
|
TCS (Tata Consultancy Services) |
IT Services |
|
HDFC Bank |
Banking |
|
Infosys |
IT Services |
|
Hindustan Unilever |
FMCG |
|
Larsen & Toubro (L&T) |
Infrastructure |
|
ITC |
FMCG & Hotels |
|
Bharti Airtel |
Telecom |
🔹 13. Circuit Limit Kya Hoti Hai?
Circuit Limit ya Price
Band ek aisi boundary hoti hai jo stock ya index ke price ke upar ya neeche jaane ki limit fix karti hai.
Iska maksad hai stock market me extreme
volatility aur panic buying/selling ko rokna.
Agar koi share apne circuit limit tak pahunch
jata hai, to usme aage ki trading temporarily stop kar di jaati hai ya limit ke andar hi trading hoti hai.
🔍 Circuit Limit Kyun
Lagayi Jaati Hai?
Stock market me kabhi-kabhi kisi news, rumor,
ya panic ki wajah se koi stock bahut tezi
se badhta ya girta hai. Aise me investor loss me na jaye aur market me
stability bani rahe, isliye SEBI aur exchanges jaise NSE/BSE circuit limit apply karte hain.
Kaise
Kaam Karti Hai Circuit Limit?
Circuit limit generally hoti hai:
- 5%
- 10%
- 15%
- 20%
Agar kisi stock ki upper circuit
limit 10% hai, to uska price us din 10% se zyada nahi badh sakta.
Waise hi, lower circuit me price 10% se zyada nahi gir sakta.
✅
Example:
Agar koi stock ₹100 pe trade ho raha
hai aur uski circuit limit 10% hai:
- Upper Circuit = ₹110
- Lower Circuit = ₹90
Iska matlab ye stock us din ₹90 se
₹110 ke beech hi trade karega.
🧯
Circuit Hit Hone Par Kya Hota Hai?
|
Circuit Type |
Result |
|
🔼 Upper Circuit Hit |
Buyers zyada hote hain, lekin
sellers nahi milte. Price ruk jata hai. |
|
🔽 Lower Circuit Hit |
Sellers zyada hote hain, buyers
nahi milte. Price girkar ruk jata hai. |
|
🛑 Trading Halt (Index circuits) |
Kabhi-kabhi pure index par circuit
lagta hai to trading kuch waqt ke liye stop ho jaati hai. |
🔹 14. Conclusion
Stock market me successful hone ke
liye sirf paisa nahi, knowledge bhi bahut zaroori hai. Har trader aur
investor ko in basic aur advanced terms ka samajh hona chahiye.
Agar aap regular investing ya
trading karte ho, to stop loss set karna, Nifty/Sensex ka analysis
karna, aur F&O ke risks samajhna bahut important hai.
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