Unsecured Loan Default in India: Borrower Ke Rights, Bank Actions and Settlement Ka Full Process (Hindi Guide)

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🔹 Unsecured Loan kya hota hai?

Unsecured loan aise loan hote hain jinmein kisi tarah ki collateral ya guarantee nahi di jaati.
Yeh sirf aapke income proof, credit score aur repayment history ke basis par milta hai.


✅ Example:

  • Personal Loan
  • Credit Card Loan
  • Consumer Durable Loans

Ismein bank ke paas aapki property ya asset ko seize karne ka right nahi hota.

🔹 Kya hota hai jab borrower default karta hai?

Jab koi borrower loan ki EMI time pe nahi bhar pata, to use NPA ghoshit karke  "Loan Default" list me daal dete hai.

📉 Default ke stages:

  1. 0–30 Days Late – aapko bank ki taraf se reminder call aur messages aane shuru hote hai.
  2. 31–90 Days Late – 30 din baad bank aapko Warning notices, collection calls karte hai.
  3. 90+ Days Late – Agar aap phir bhi loan pay nahi karte to Aapka loan "NPA" (Non-Performing Asset) declare hota hai aur defaulter list me daal diya jata hai.

❌ SARFAESI Act unsecured loan pe apply nahi hota, kyunki usmein koi security nahi hoti.

🔹 Bank kya kar sakti hai default ke baad?

  1. Recovery agent bhejna shuru karti hai:
    Bank aapko reminder dene aur paise vasoolne ke liye agent bhej sakti hai, lekin unhe RBI ke norms follow karne hote hain.
    • Bank ya recovery agencies aapko subah ke 8 AM se pehle aur shaan 7 PM ke baad call kahi kar sakti hai.
    • Ghar walon ya neighbours ko nahi bol sakte hai ki aap loan pay nahi kar rahe ho.
    • Gali-galauj ya dhamki nahi de sakte ye RBI ki guidelines ke khilaf hai. aap police case kr sakte ho.

 

  1. Legal notice bhejna:
    Bank aapke against civil court ya DRT (Debt Recovery Tribunal) mein case file kar sakti hai.
  2. Credit score down karna:
    Repayment na karne aur Default hone ke baad CIBIL score girta hai (−100 to −200 points tak)
    Future loans lena mushkil ho jata hai agale 7 Saalon tak.RBI ki guidelines ke anusar 7 Saal baad CIBIL Revise hota hai aur old data CIBIL agency ko nikal dena hota hai.
  3. Cheque bounce case:
    Agar aapne post-dated cheque diya tha aur wo bounce ho gaya, to bank aap par Section 138 of      the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (NI Act) ka case file kar sakti hai (jisme jail tak ki saja bhi ho sakti hai).

🔹 Borrower ke kya rights hote hain?


  1. Fair Treatment ka right:
    Bank ya agent aapke saath misbehave nahi kar sakte. Harassment ya abuse illegal hai. agar koi bank ya recovery agent aisa kare to aap RBI me Complaint kr sakte ho. Police ka sahara bhi le sakte ho.
  2. Legal reply ka right:
    Legal notice ka aap advocate ke through jawab de sakte hain aur apni baat rakh sakte hai.
  3. Settlement request ka right:
    Aap bank ko apni situation bata sakte ho aur likh kar settlement ya EMI restructure ka request de sakte hain.
  4. Court se relief lene ka right:
    jab Bank apke upar civil court ya DRT me case file kare to aap court ya DRT se stay ya time extension mang sakte hain, especially jab financial hardship ho.
  5. RBI Complaint ka right:
    Agar bank ya recovery agent ne rules ka violation kiya ho to https://cms.rbi.org.in par online complaint kar sakte hain.

🔹 Settlement process kya hota hai?

Aap bank ke saath negotiate karke one-time settlement (OTS) ya part-payment agreement kar sakte hain. Is process ko samjhiye:

🔄 Step-by-Step Process:

  1. Letter likhna (Financial problem explain karna)
  2. Settlement offer propose karna (jo aap afford kar sakte ho)
  3. Bank se written agreement lena (email ya letter format mein)
  4. Payment karna (mostly lump sum prefer hota hai)
  5. No Dues Certificate lena (settlement ke baad mandatory)

⚠️ Settlement hone ke baad CIBIL pe "Settled" status aata hai, jo aapki credit profile pe negative impact daalta hai aur future me loans milna mushkil ho jata hai. lekin ye data 7 saal tak CIBIL par rehta hai aur 7 Saal baad aap fir se loan ke liye apply kar sakte hai aur apn CIBIL Sudhar sakte hai.

🔹 Court kya order de sakti hai?


Agar aapka matter court ya DRT me gaya ho to court kuch bhi order kar sakti hai:

  1. Time Extension ya EMI restructuring
  2. Stay order against harassment or asset seizure (rare in unsecured loan)
  3. Loan Recovery Order / Decree
  4. Compromise ya mediation ke liye direct karna
  5. Arrest Warrant issue kar sakta hai (Cheque Bounce ke case me)

🔹 Kya jail ho sakti hai loan default par?

🚫 Default hone par direct jail nahi hoti
Lekin agar fraud (yaani kisi aur ke documents ka galat istmal karna ya apni identity galat dikhana) ya cheque bounce hua ho to legal action ho sakta hai:

  • Section 138 NI Act: 2 saal tak ki jail
  • Contempt of Court: Court order violate par ya court ke order ko nahi maan ne par.

🔹 Default ke baad kya kare?


✅ Do’s:

  • Bank se open communication rakhein aur apni situation explain Karen.
  • Legal notice ka time pe jawab dein future me problems kam karne ke liye.
  • RBI guidelines follow karne, apne adhikar jaane.
  • No Dues/Settlement letter lena na bhoolen.

❌ Don’ts:

  • Ignore na karein notices ko
  • Recovery agent se ladayi na karein
  • Fake documents ya excuses mat dein

🔹 Conclusion

Unsecured loan pe default hona serious matter hai, lekin borrower ke paas bhi kanooni adhikar hote hain. Aapko bank ke saath samjhauta karne, court me protection lene aur apna credit future sudharne ke liye proactive hona zaroori hai.


agar aapko apne koi sujhav ya swal hai to aap comment kar sakte hai ya humara contact kr sakte hai. me ke sawal ke javab dene ki puri koshish karuga. aur agar aapko mera ye article pasand aya ho to aap ye article ko apne dosto aur rishtedaro ke sath share kar sakte hai. DHANYAVAD. JAI HINDI.


 

Namaste! Mera naam Jaydip Solanki hai. Main pichhle 12 saalon se accounting aur finance ke kshetra mein kaam kar raha hoon. Is blog Rupigyan.online ke madhyam se main apna personal aur professional anubhav aap sab ke saath share karta hoon, jisme aapko milenge: Finance aur personal budgeting tips Stock market aur investments ki jankari Loans, credit card aur insurance se judi useful baatein Indian taxation aur finance laws ka simplified gyaan Mera lakshya hai ki main har vyakti tak sahi aur saral bhasha mein financial knowledge pahuchaaun, taaki wo apne arthik nirnay khud le sakein – bina kisi confusion ke. Rupigyan – Rupi ka Gyan, Hindi me Asaan.

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